The division of speech or parts of speech refers to the basic units that make up a sentence. Each word is a part of some kind that completes the meaning and structure. For example,
- A noun indicates the name of a person, place, or thing, such as “book”, “Lahore”, or “Ali”.
- A verb describes an action or state, such as “reading”, “going,” or “sleeping”.
- An adjective describes a characteristic of a noun, such as “good”, “big,” or “happy”. Only by combining all these components can we present our thoughts correctly.
- Pronouns are used in place of nouns, such as “he”, “you,” or “us”.
- Conjunctions are words that connect other words or show relationships, such as “and”, “on”, or “but”.
- Relative adverbs indicate time, place, or manner, such as “quickly,” “today,” or “here.” While exclamation marks indicate emotion or address, such as “ah,” “oh,” or “hey.”
Understanding all of these components plays an important role in improving language skills.
Nouns and Types of Nouns With Examples
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, condition, or idea. It is the basic part of speech in a language through which something is identified or designated. For example, Ali, Lahore, Book
Types of Nouns
- Common Nouns: Words that refer to a non-specific thing, person, or location. For example: Book, tree, child, city.
- Proper Nouns: A noun that is used to refer to a specific person, place, or thing. For example: Ali, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Personal Nouns: Nouns that we can touch or see. For example Table, a flower, a cup, a pen.
- Intangible Nouns: Nouns that can only be felt mentally or emotionally. For example: Love, hate, knowledge, friendship.
- Countable Nouns: Nouns that can be counted in number. For example: Apple, door, chair.
- Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that can be measured in quantity but cannot be counted in number. For example: Water, milk, sugar.
- Collective Nouns: Nouns that represent a group or congregation. For example: Army, party, group, committee.
- Compound noun: A noun formed by combining two or more words. For example: Library, moonlight, night, salt cellar.
Pronouns and Types of Pronouns With Examples
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence.
For example, instead of saying “Ali is a good boy. Ali is playing football,” we say “Ali is a good boy. He is playing football. Here, he is a pronoun used instead of the name Ali
Types of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
These pronouns refer to specific people or things.
Examples:
- I am your classmate.
- She is very kind.
- They are waiting outside.
- He gave the book to me.
- We saw them at the park.
2. Possessive Pronouns
These pronouns show ownership or possession.
Examples:
- This phone is mine.
- That car is hers.
- Is this bag yours?
- These toys are ours.
3. Reflexive Pronouns
These are used when the subject and object are the same.
Examples:
- I hurt myself while running.
- He cleaned the room himself.
- They introduced themselves to the guests.
- She made tea herself.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns point to specific people or things.
Examples:
- This is my pencil.
- That was an amazing movie.
- These are fresh apples.
- Those were your books.
5. Interrogative Pronouns
These are used to ask questions.
Examples:
- Who is your best friend?
- Whose notebook is this?
- What do you want to eat?
- Which is your seat?
6. Indefinite Pronouns
These refer to people or things that are not specific.
Examples:
- Someone is knocking at the door.
- Everybody was happy.
- Nothing is impossible.
- Few attended the meeting.
7. Relative Pronouns
These connect one part of a sentence to another and give extra information.
Examples:
- The man who lives next door is a doctor.
- This is the girl whose bag was lost.
- I found the book that you wanted.
- He is the teacher whom we respect.
Define Verb and Types of Verb
A verb is a word that tells what someone does, what someone is, or what someone has.
It shows an action or a state.
Examples:
- I run fast.
- She is happy.
- They have a car.
(Here, run, is, and have are verbs.)
Types of Verbs – With Explanation and Examples
1. Action Verbs
These verbs show what someone does. It can be a physical action or a mental action.
They are also called doing verbs.
Examples:
- I read books.
- He runs fast.
- They think about the plan.
- She writes in her notebook.
2. Linking Verbs
These verbs do not show action.
They connect the subject to more information about the subject.
They show how someone is, was, or seems.
Examples:
- She is smart. (shows her state)
- He was tired.
- The flower smells sweet.
- They are happy.
3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)
These verbs help the main verb in a sentence.
They show tense, possibility, or necessity.
Examples:
- I am studying now. (I am helping with studying)
- She has eaten lunch. (has helped eat)
- They will come tomorrow. (will help come)
- We are going to the park. (are helps going)
4. Transitive Verbs
These verbs need an object to complete the meaning.
They tell us what is being done and to what.
Examples:
- She wrote a letter.
- I bought a book.
- He reads a newspaper.
- They watched the match.
(“letter”, “book”, “newspaper”, “match” are the objects.)
5. Intransitive Verbs
These verbs do not need an object.
The sentence is complete without saying what the action is done to.
Examples:
- He slept peacefully.
- I walk every morning.
- They jumped high.
- She laughed loudly.
(No object comes after these verbs.)
6. Regular Verbs
These verbs make pathe st tense by adding -ed to the base form.
They follow a fixed pattern.
Examples:
- I talk → I talked.
- We play → We played.
- They watched → They watched.
7. Irregular Verbs
These verbs do not follow the -ed rule.
They especially change form when used in the past tense.
Examples:
- I go → I went.
- She eats → She ate.
- We take → We took.
Adjectives and Types of Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.
It tells us more about a person, place, thing, or idea.
Adjectives tell us about color, size, shape, number, feelings, and more.
Examples:
- This is a big house.
- She has a beautiful dress.
- I saw three birds.
- He is a smart boy.
Types of Adjectives
1. Adjective of Quality
These adjectives tell us about the kind or nature of a person or thing.
They answer the question: “What kind?“
Examples:
- He is a brave soldier.
- She is a kind girl.
- This is a delicious cake.
- The sky looks blue today.
2. Adjective of Quantity
These adjectives tell us how much of something is there.
They are used with uncountable nouns.
They answer the question: “How much?“
Examples:
- I have some money.
- He drank a lot of water.
- She has little patience.
- They gave me enough time.
3. Adjective of Number
These adjectives tell us how many things or people there are.
They are used with countable nouns.
They answer the question: “How many?“
Examples:
- She has two sisters.
- I read five books.
- There are many students.
- All children were happy.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
These adjectives point out specific people or things.
They answer: “Which one?“
Examples:
- This pen is mine.
- That house is big.
- These apples are fresh.
- Those girls are dancing.
5. Interrogative Adjectives
These adjectives are used to ask questions.
They come before a noun and ask about it.
Examples:
- Which book do you want?
- What movie did you watch?
- Whose bag is this?
6. Possessive Adjectives
These adjectives show ownership or possession.
They tell us who owns something.
Examples:
- This is my bag.
- That is his phone.
- She lost her keys.
- Our school is big.
adjective beginning with a
Amazing, Angry, Ambitious, Artistic, Attractive
adjective beginning with b
Brave, Bright, Bitter, Busy, Broad
adjective beginning with c
Clever, Calm, Cold, Curious, Confident
adjective beginning with d
Delicious, Dangerous, Dull, Determined, Dirty
adjective beginning with e
Elegant, Easy, Energetic, Excited, Evil
adjective beginning with f
Friendly, Funny, Fearless, Fast, Faithful
adjective beginning with g
Gentle, Good, Greedy, Grateful, Great
adjective beginning with h
Honest, Happy, Handsome, Helpful, Humble
adjective beginning with I
Intelligent, Innocent, Ideal, Important, Impatient
adjective beginning with J
Joyful, Jealous, Jolly, Just, Juicy
adjective beginning with k
Kind, Keen, Knowledgeable, Kingly, Known
adjective beginning with l
Lazy, Lucky, Loud, Lovely, Loyal
adjective beginning with m
Magical, Modern, Moody, Mature, Mean
adjective beginning with n
Noble, Noisy, Neat, Nervous, Nice
adjective beginning with o
Obedient, Open, Outstanding, Old, Optimistic
adjective beginning with p
Polite, Powerful, Poor, Proud, Perfect
adjective beginning with q
Quick, Quiet, Quaint, Quirky, Questionable
adjective beginning with r
Rich, Rough, Rude, Responsible, Rare
adjective beginning with s
Smart, Strong, Soft, Sweet, Shy
adjective beginning with t
Tall, Thin, Tired, Tough, Thankful
adjective beginning with u
Ugly, Useful, Unlucky, Unhappy, Unique
adjective beginning with v
Vast, Valuable, Violent, Vain, Vocal
adjective beginning with w
Wise, Weak, Warm, Wild, Worried
adjective beginning with x
Xenial, Xenophobic, Xeric, X-rated, Xanthic
adjective beginning with y
Young, Yellowish, Yummy, Yearly, Youthful
adjective beginning with z
Zealous, Zany, Zesty, Zigzag, Zero
Adverb, Types of Adverbs, and Adverb Examples
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
It tells us how, when, where, or how often something happens.
Examples:
- She sings beautifully. (tells how)
- He came yesterday. (tells when)
- They play outside. (tells where)
- I always eat breakfast. (tells how often)
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverb of Manner
These adverbs tell us how an action happens.
They usually end in -ly.
Examples:
- She speaks softly.
- He runs quickly.
- They worked hard.
- He smiled happily.
2. Adverb of Time
These adverbs tell us when something happens.
Examples:
- I came yesterday.
- She will go tomorrow.
- He arrived early.
- They met last week.
3. Adverb of Place
These adverbs tell us where something happens.
Examples:
- The children are playing outside.
- He looked up.
- They live nearby.
- She went home.
4. Adverb of Frequency
These adverbs tell us how often something happens.
Examples:
- I always brush my teeth.
- She sometimes comes late.
- They never lie.
- He usually drinks tea.
5. Adverb of Degree
These adverbs tell us how much, or to what extent.
Examples:
- She is very tired.
- I am too busy.
- He was almost late.
- The water is quite cold.
6. Interrogative Adverbs
These are used to ask questions.
Examples:
- When will you come?
- Where do you live?
- Why are you sad?
- How did he win?
Preposition, Use of Preposition, List of Prepositions, and Examples of Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. It tells us about place, time, direction, or reason.
Examples:
- The book is on the table.
- She is sitting under the fan.
- He will come after lunch.
Prepositions of Place
These prepositions show the place or position of something or someone. They answer the question “where?”
Examples:
- The bag is on the chair.
- The cat is under the table.
- He is sitting next to his friend.
- The car is parked in front of the gate.
2. Prepositions of Time
These prepositions tell us about the time of an action. They answer the question “when?”
Examples:
- She was born in March.
- The class starts at 8 o’clock.
- We will go home after lunch.
- He has been working since morning.
3. Prepositions of Direction or Movement
These prepositions show movement from one place to another. They answer the question “where to?”
Examples:
- She walked into the room.
- The boy jumped onto the bed.
- They ran towards the bus stop.
- He came from the park.
4. Prepositions of Manner
These prepositions show the way or method in which something happens. They answer the question “how?”
Examples:
- He wrote the letter with a blue pen.
- She solved the question with ease.
- They travelled by bus.
- He fought like a hero.
5. Prepositions of Cause, Reason, or Purpose
These prepositions show the cause or reason for something happening. They answer the question “why?”
Examples:
- The match was canceled because of rain.
- He left early due to illness.
- She cried out of fear.
- He succeeded because of hard work.
6. Prepositions of Source or Origin
These prepositions show the point from where something comes.
Examples:
- He got a gift from his friend.
- This parcel came from America.
- The water flows from the mountain.
- I heard the news from her.
7. Prepositions of Possession
These prepositions show belonging or connection between two things.
Examples:
- This is the house of my uncle.
- The legs of the table are broken.
- The color of the sky is blue.
- The story of the movie is interesting.
8. Prepositions of Instrument or Device
Definition: These prepositions tell us which instrument, tool, or device was used.
Examples:
- He wrote with a pencil.
- They spoke on the phone.
- She paid by card.
- He cut the paper with scissors.
Conjunctions and Types of Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins two or more words, phrases, or sentences together.
It helps to make our sentences clearer and smoother.
Examples:
Ali and Ahmed are friends.
I was tired, but I finished my homework.
She will come if it doesn’t rain.
Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions join two equal parts of a sentence — like two nouns, two verbs, or two full sentences.
Common Words: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
Examples:
- I like tea and coffee.
- He is poor, but he is honest.
- Do you want rice or bread?
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
These join a main sentence with a dependent sentence. They show cause, time, condition, or contrast.
Common Words: because, although, if, when, while, since, unless, as, before, after
Examples:
- I stayed home because I was sick.
- She will go out if it stops raining.
- Although he was tired, he kept working.
- I will call you when I reach home.
3. Correlative Conjunctions
These are pairs of words that work together to join equal sentence parts.
Common Pairs: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also
Examples:
- Either you leave, or I will.
- Both Ali and Ahmed are present.
- Not only does he sing, but he also dances.
- Neither the teacher nor the students were ready.
Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions with Examples
Coordinating conjunctions join two equal parts of a sentence. These parts can be words, phrases, or complete sentences.T do not depend on each other.
Common Coordinating Conjunctions:
- and
- but
- or
- so
- for
- nor
- yet
Examples:
- I like apples and oranges.
- He was tired, but he kept working.
- Do you want tea or coffee?
- She was sick, so she stayed home.
- He did not come, nor did he call.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join a main clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone; it depends on the main sentence to make sense.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
- because
- although
- if
- when
- while
- since
- before
- after
- unless
- even though
Examples:
- I stayed home because it was raining.
- She will come if she finishes her work.
- Although he is rich, he is humble.
- When I was a child, I loved cartoons.
- Don’t go unless you are ready.
- We waited until the rain stopped.
Definition of Interjection with Example and Types of Interjections
An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a sudden feeling, emotion, or reaction. It is often followed by an exclamation mark and is not grammatically connected to other parts of the sentence.
Examples:
- Wow! That’s an amazing painting.
- Oops! I dropped the glass.
- Hey! Watch where you’re going.
Types of Interjections
- Emotive Interjections – Express feelings or emotions.
Examples: Oh! Wow! Hurray! Alas!
- Cognitive Interjections – Indicate mental reactions or thoughts.
Examples: Hmm, Well, Oh, Uh-oh
- Volitive Interjections – Express commands or calls.
Examples: Hey! Listen! Shoo! Bravo!
- Onomatopoeic Interjections – Imitate sounds.
Examples: Ouch! Bang! Ugh! Boo!